Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, in which immune evasion mechanisms play a crucial role in its progression and treatment. Natural killer group 2D ligands (NKG2DL), as key molecules activating immune cells, significantly influence the immune evasion of liver cancer through their regulatory mechanisms. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of NKG2DL expression, including genetic, signaling pathway, non-coding RNA, and stress response modulation, and discusses their expression patterns and clinical relevance in HCC. Studies have shown that the expression status of NKG2DL not only impacts patient prognosis and therapeutic response but also provides potential targets for HCC immunotherapy. Future research should focus on the molecular networks regulating their expression and their synergy with immunotherapy to provide a theoretical basis for developing more precise diagnostic and personalized treatment strategies for HCC.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a major global health problem. The main treatments are surgery and chemoradiotherapy. A drawback of the latter is that repeated treatments are likely to lead to cancer cells developing resistance to the drug, resulting in recurrence, development of metastases, and poor prognosis for patients. Consequently, there is interest in combining chemoradiotherapy with treatment using active components extracted from natural products. One such component is resveratrol (RVT), which is a natural anti-tumor ingredient extracted from plants. Although there are many reviews on the biological activity of RVT, only a few studies have been performed to investigate the diversity of protein binding of RVT with OC and the application of various novel drug formulations containing RVT to treat OC. The review presented here may provide some ideas for the prevention and treatment of OC.

DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A (POLE) gene plays a crucial role in DNA repair and chromosomal replication. Mutations in the POLE gene have been linked to cancer, particularly colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, the genomic landscape and pathological significance of POLE mutant CRC remain underreported. This study aimed to characterize the clinicopathologic features and genomic landscape of CRC harboring POLE mutations and to investigate the implications of co-occurring genetic alterations.

We identified thirty-four CRC cases with POLE mutations from our institution’s database using the next-generation sequencing gene panels including 161-gene panel for the cases of 2016–2021 and the 505-gene panel for the case of 2022–2023. We collected clinicopathologic data (age, sex, tumor site, and grading) and conducted comprehensive next-generation sequencing. Survival outcomes were assessed by reviewing patients’ medical records at the time of data collection, with survival status determined based on the most recent clinical follow-up available with overall survival as the primary endpoint and a median follow-up time of 20.5 months. Statistical analyses, including chi-squared testing and CoMutation plotting, were performed using Python.

The enrolled 34 patients had a median age of 60.5 years (range: 37–84); tumors were in the colon (26 cases, 77%) and rectum (8 cases, 23%), with a mismatch repair deficiency rate of 29%. Next-generation sequencing analysis of a 505-gene panel revealed that POLE mutations were predominantly missense (89%). The mutations were distributed across various domains: 11.4% in the exonuclease domain, 25.7% in the catalytic domain, 20% in an unknown functional domain, and 42.9% in a nonfunctional domain. The average number of genomic mutations per case was 12.1 ± 12.3. CoMutation analysis identified two subsets: genomic mutation high (>5 mutations, range 6–60 mutations, n = 22) and mutation low (. Notably, TP53 mutations occurred in 55% of cases, and defects in double-stranded DNA repair proteins occurred in 47% of cases. POLE mutant CRC with co-occurring DNA repair mutations exhibited a significantly higher total number of genomic mutations (19.9 ± 14.4, range 7–60 mutations; chi-squared = 5.1, p-value = 0.02). Although a survival comparison between TP53 wild-type and TP53 mutant subgroups of POLE-mutant CRC is not statistical significant (p = 0.37), it showed a trend toward better survival in the TP53 wild-type group.

Our findings reveal unique genomic landscapes in POLE mutant CRC, particularly with co-occurring TP53 or double-stranded DNA repair mutations, which are critical in colorectal carcinogenesis. These tumors demonstrate increased genetic instability, highlighting potential for immunotherapy.

Combined traumatic brain injury (CTBI) remains a leading cause of disability/mortality among workers, yet which routine biochemical tests that predict infectious complications remain controversial. We aimed to identify the most informative serum markers for early diagnosis and prognosis of such complications.

In this retrospective observational study, 80 acute CTBI patients (40 without vs. 40 with mainly bacterial infectious complications) and 40 healthy controls were analyzed. Serum collected at 24, 72, and 168 h was assayed for protein fractions, metabolic markers, lipid peroxidation indices, antioxidant activity, endogenous intoxication markers, acids/minerals, and relevant enzymes.

The study found that the most important prognostic indicator for infectious complications was a simultaneous increase in α1-globulins, β-globulins, diene conjugates, superoxide dismutase, medium- and low-molecular-weight substances in erythrocytes, erythrocyte oligopeptides, and lactate at 24 h after injury (p < 0.001). A significant increase in sialic acids, uronic acids, total Ca and P, and low-density lipoproteins was observed at 72 h after injury (p < 0.001). Notably, individual components from the 24-h panel demonstrated high standalone predictive value, with areas under the curve of diene conjugates (0.91), erythrocyte oligopeptides (0.87), β-globulin (0.86), α1-globulin (0.82), and superoxide dismutase (0.82), respectively. The elevation of these biomarker profiles was significantly correlated with worse clinical outcomes, including longer intensive care unit stay and ventilation duration.

This study identified a set of biochemical markers associated with infectious complications in patients with CTBI. These biochemical parameters may serve as additional diagnostic and prognostic criteria for the management of infectious complications in patients with СTBI.

Invasive pituitary adenomas with infrasellar extension can present with symptoms such as epistaxis and nasal obstruction, closely mimicking the clinical and radiological characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which frequently leads to misdiagnosis. This report discusses the case of a 32-year-old male who was initially misdiagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma for approximately one month and subsequently underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, a multidisciplinary assessment at our institution, incorporating magnetic resonance imaging findings of an invasive sellar mass, serum prolactin levels exceeding 2,000 ng/mL, and positive immunohistochemistry for PIT-1 and prolactin, established the diagnosis of an invasive prolactinoma. Treatment with bromocriptine led to significant tumor reduction. However, this was complicated by cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which subsequently resulted in an intracranial infection. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor and repair of the cerebrospinal fluid leak, with postoperative pathology confirming a PIT1-lineage, densely granulated, prolactin-secreting adenoma. The patient experienced a favorable recovery, with prolactin levels normalizing under continued bromocriptine therapy. This case highlights the critical importance of routine hormonal screening, thorough evaluation of nasopharyngeal mucosal integrity, and multidisciplinary collaboration in the diagnostic process.

Chronic diabetes mellitus is marked by hyperglycemia and metabolic dysfunction, increasing the risk of complications such as nephropathy. This study aimed to evaluate key biochemical parameters among participants with diabetic nephropathy (DNp), diabetes control (DC), nephropathy control (NC), and healthy control groups.

A prospective case-control study was conducted with 200 participants categorized into four groups: DNp, NC, DC, and healthy controls. Biochemical parameters, including glucose, glycated hemoglobin, waste metabolites, proteins, enzymes, electrolytes, and lipids, were analyzed using an Advia 1800 chemical system analyzer (Siemens, Germany) with standard kits.

Among the four investigated groups, the DNp group exhibited augmented fasting glucose (178.75 ± 61 mg/dL), glycated hemoglobin (8.13 ± 1.7%), creatinine (5.67 ± 1.8 mg/dL), and blood urea nitrogen (72.02 ± 22.8 mg/dL), indicating poor glycemic control and impaired kidney function. In contrast, the DC group showed elevated random glucose levels (280 ± 3.1 mg/dL). Elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, 6.35 ± 6.3 mg/L; lactate dehydrogenase, 1,216.43 ± 634 U/L) were observed in the NC group. Compared to the other groups, the DC group demonstrated augmented lipid profiles, including elevated triglycerides (230.67 ± 59 mg/dL), very low-density lipoprotein (48.5 ± 16.5 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (107.41 ± 16 mg/dL), and cholesterol (169 ± 19 mg/dL). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by a t-test to investigate differences among groups at P < 0.05.

Altered biochemical variations were noted among groups. The DNp group showed renal dysfunction and poor glycemic control, the DC group had dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, and the NC group showed elevated inflammatory markers. Early testing is indispensable for the timely diagnosis and management of diabetic complications.

Cervical cancer, driven mainly by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection, remains a major public health problem in Bangladesh, with 9,640 new cases and 5,826 deaths in 2022. Early detection of pre-cancerous cervical lesions (PCL) is essential, yet limited evidence exists on factors associated with PCL among Bangladeshi women. This study aimed to identify factors associated with PCL among women attending cervical cancer screening centers at selected tertiary hospitals.

An age-matched (±5 years) case-control study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals. Cases were women who tested colposcopy-positive for PCL, and controls were visual inspection with acetic acid-negative women attending the same screening centers. A total of 38 cases and 76 controls were included. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with PCL, with significance set at p < 0.05.

A history of sexually transmitted infections (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 36.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.25–414.83), pelvic infections (AOR = 6.48; 95% CI: 1.24–33.85), not living with a husband (AOR = 4.48; 95% CI: 1.06–18.90), and overweight/obesity (AOR = 3.58; 95% CI: 1.14–11.22) were significantly associated with higher odds of PCL. Menstrual irregularity, genital ulcer history, and number of lifetime sexual partners showed no significant association.

Sexually transmitted infections, pelvic infections, overweight/obesity, and not living with husband were identified as factors associated with PCL. Strengthened infection prevention, lifestyle counseling, and targeted health education may support ongoing cervical cancer prevention efforts in Bangladesh.