Unlike the traditional staging treatment of tumors, the core of “Green Tumor Treatment” is to divide the treatment of tumors into three stages: Hegemony (directly targeting the cancer focus), Kingship (supporting the body’s vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors), and Imperialism (improving the internal environment), based on the urgency of the tumor and the patient’s physical condition. This approach guides the clinical treatment of tumors. Its treatment system incorporates all minimally invasive and low-damage treatment methods, combining internal and external treatments, traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, as well as local and systemic treatments. It aims to maximize treatment outcomes while ensuring the patient’s quality of life, which is highly consistent with the treatment goals for primary liver cancer. This review aims to explore the integrated Traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment model for primary liver cancer under the guidance of the Green Tumor Treatment concept.

Despite the emergence of new approaches in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment in recent years, the overall prognosis remains poor. Particularly for elderly patients and relapsed/refractory cases, the five-year survival rate consistently remains below 30%. While traditional chemotherapy regimens can rapidly suppress tumor burden and alleviate clinical symptoms, they suffer from limitations such as insufficient targeting, prominent toxic side effects, and a tendency to induce drug resistance. Immunotherapy offers a novel therapeutic pathway for AML due to its advantages of precise targeting, long-lasting antitumor effects, and a controllable safety profile. However, single-agent immunotherapy demonstrates limited clinical response rates in AML and struggles to achieve complete tumor cell clearance. In this context, combination regimens of chemotherapy and immunotherapy are increasingly becoming the focus of research. This review aims to summarize the rationale and advances in the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and cancer vaccines with chemotherapy for the treatment of AML. We have detailed the preclinical research and clinical trial progress of each combined regimen, analyzed the core challenges—including off-target toxicity, high tumor heterogeneity, and limited efficacy in specific AML subtypes—and further propose targeted solutions and future development directions, such as exploring novel specific antigens, developing multi-targeted drugs, and formulating precision individualized treatment plans. The clinical application of such combined strategies is attracting increasing attention. In conclusion, chemo-immunotherapy combinations represent a highly promising therapeutic paradigm for AML, harnessing the synergy of chemotherapy-mediated immune microenvironment remodeling and the specific antitumor activity of immunotherapies to overcome single-agent limitations and deliver meaningful survival benefits.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) and Rotor syndrome (RS) are rare, autosomal recessive disorders that result in chronic, predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia without cholestasis or hepatocellular injury. Although both conditions are benign and non-progressive, they reflect distinct molecular defects in hepatocellular transport pathways. DJS arises from mutations in the ABCC2 gene encoding the canalicular transporter multidrug resistance–associated protein 2, leading to impaired biliary excretion of conjugated bilirubin and organic anions. In contrast, RS results from combined deficiencies of the sinusoidal transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, encoded by SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes, respectively, which mediate hepatic reuptake of conjugated bilirubin from the sinusoidal blood. These defects explain the characteristic biochemical and clinical distinctions between the syndromes, including the black hepatic pigmentation and markedly elevated urinary coproporphyrin I fraction in DJS, and the absence of pigmentation with moderate coproporphyrin I predominance in RS. Recent studies have expanded the understanding of how these transporters influence not only bilirubin handling but also the hepatic disposition of various drugs and endogenous metabolites. Recognition of DJS and RS is essential to prevent misdiagnosis of cholestatic or hepatocellular disease, avoid unnecessary investigations, and anticipate altered pharmacokinetics in affected individuals. This review synthesizes current evidence from molecular, biochemical, and clinical studies to highlight how these syndromes illuminate broader principles of hepatic transporter physiology and its relevance to inherited and acquired disorders of bilirubin metabolism.

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) exhibit distinct biological and clinical characteristics compared to adult gliomas, and their treatment strategies differ substantially from those used in adults. Since the release of the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System and its subsequent updates, significant advances have been made in understanding the diagnosis and management of pLGGs. Therefore, updated guidelines tailored to current clinical practice are needed. In this document, we present the consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pLGGs in China. The recommendations were developed through a comprehensive review of relevant domestic and international guidelines and literature, combined with expert consensus meetings and external peer review to ensure rigorous validation. The guideline integrates the levels of evidence from published studies, expert consensus, and practical clinical considerations. All recommendations were reviewed and approved by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from the Pediatric Neurosurgery Group. This guideline is intended to serve as guidance for healthcare professionals involved in pediatric neuro-oncology, as well as for patients, caregivers, and other healthcare providers participating in the management of pLGGs.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and aggressive malignant tumors globally, with a notably low five-year survival rate. Its high mortality is largely attributed to challenges in early detection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring nanoparticles secreted by nearly all cell types and carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (particularly non-coding RNAs), and lipids. EVs play pivotal roles in remodeling the tumor microenvironment and driving cancer progression through intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence has established that EVs are critically involved in the pathogenesis of HCC and are emerging as promising biomarkers for its early detection. With advances in EV isolation technologies, these vesicles have garnered considerable attention in the field of liquid biopsy for HCC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic potential of EV-derived biomarkers in HCC, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, it discusses the advantages of integrating multi-omics approaches for HCC diagnosis. Furthermore, the review highlights the technical challenges in EV isolation and characterization, as well as the crucial role of reference genes in the standardization of EV data. These insights underscore the potential of EVs as novel, minimally invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC.

The optimal surgical management for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (SSICH) remains controversial because conventional approaches often fail to balance rapid decompression with effective hematoma evacuation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new combined surgical strategies (“two-in-one” and “three-in-one”) versus conventional methods for SSICH.

This retrospective cohort study included 451 SSICH patients treated between January 2019 and December 2023. Based on clinical severity, patients were stratified into Group I (non-herniation, n = 374) and Group II (herniation, n = 77). Within each subgroup, patients were further categorized by treatment period: a historical control cohort (2019–2020) receiving conventional surgery, and an intervention cohort (2021–2023) receiving combined strategies (“two-in-one” for Group I; “three-in-one” for Group II). Outcomes included decompression time, hematoma evacuation rate, complications, and six-month functional recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale/modified Rankin Scale), were compared.

In Group I, the “two-in-one” strategy achieved faster decompression (4.65 min) and a high evacuation rate (92.15%), which was comparable to neuroendoscopy alone (90.58%) and significantly higher than stereotactic aspiration alone (44.55%). This was associated with improved six-month outcomes (poor outcome rates were 39.39%, 54.35%, and 42.86% in Groups I-A, I-B, and I-C, respectively, overall P = 0.034). In Group II, the “three-in-one” strategy demonstrated shorter decompression time (4.73 vs. 37.85 min, P < 0.001) and higher evacuation rates (80.51% vs. 63.50%, P < 0.001) than decompressive craniectomy alone. Logistic regression further supported the prognostic advantage of the “two-in-one” strategy in Group I.

These combined strategies may integrate the advantages of multiple techniques to enable rapid decompression and effective hematoma clearance in SSICH. Prospective studies are warranted.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents a predominant cause of chronic liver disease, underscoring the demand for accessible, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Tongue diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine provides a distinctive perspective on systemic health, though it remains largely subjective. This study aimed to develop an interpretable multimodal deep learning model for MAFLD screening by integrating quantitative tongue image features with routine clinical data.

From 904 screened candidates, 477 subjects (157 healthy, 320 MAFLD) were included and randomly allocated to training, validation, and test sets in an 8:1:1 ratio. All participants underwent standardized tongue imaging (International Commission on Illumination L*a*b color features) and comprehensive clinical evaluation. We constructed a dual-stream deep learning model, combining a ConvNeXt-Tiny network for tongue images and a multilayer perceptron for clinical variables. Feature fusion was achieved via a Dynamic Affine Feature Transformation module, and the model was trained using weighted cross-entropy loss.

MAFLD patients showed significant metabolic abnormalities compared to healthy controls. A progressive decrease in tongue yellowness (b* value) was observed with advancing fibrosis. On an independent test set (n = 48), the multimodal model achieved 97.92% accuracy, Quadratic Weighted Kappa of 0.9538, 96.88% sensitivity, and 100% specificity, outperforming single-modality and serological models. Interpretability analyses confirmed the model’s focus on clinically relevant tongue regions and key metabolic drivers.

We developed an accurate and interpretable multimodal model that synergizes tongue image features with metabolic indicators for MAFLD screening. This approach presents a promising, low-cost tool potentially well-suited for resource-limited settings.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), an autoimmune disease with a prevalence 2–7 times higher in women than in men, is associated with daytime sleepiness. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that thyroid function is associated with chronotype and daytime sleepiness in women with HT.

This retrospective cross-sectional study included women with confirmed HT. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. The reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess chronotype and daytime sleepiness, respectively. Based on rMEQ, women were categorized as having a morning (≥18), intermediate (12–17) or evening (≤11) chronotype. Based on ESS, women were categorized as having normal or increased daytime sleepiness.

Overall, 106 women, aged 43 ± 12 years, were included. Most had normal daytime sleepiness (68.9%), and the majority had an intermediate chronotype (61.3%), while only one had a morning chronotype (0.9%). Age was significantly associated with chronotype (P = 0.026). There was a significant association between chronotype and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb, P = 0.012). Free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were significantly higher in women with an evening chronotype than in those with an intermediate chronotype (P = 0.045; OR = 0.500; 95% CI 0.25–0.98). Daytime sleepiness was significantly associated with TgAb (P = 0.016) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, P = 0.040). TgAb levels were significantly higher in women with increased daytime sleepiness (P = 0.049, OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.00–1.01) than in those with normal daytime sleepiness.

Approximately one-third of women have an evening chronotype, and approximately one-third had increased daytime sleepiness. TgAb, fT3, and TSH are associated with daytime sleepiness or chronotype in women with HT. Further investigation is required for the underlying mechanisms.

Pancreatic solid tumors encompass diverse pathological subtypes. Objective, accurate, and comprehensive imaging examinations and diagnostic reports are essential for preoperative staging, treatment planning, and prognostic evaluation. Currently, China lacks corresponding guidelines or consensus documents, leading to prominent issues including subjective diagnostic reports, incomplete descriptions, and inconsistent terminology. The present guideline was developed to standardize diagnostic imaging reporting of pancreatic solid tumors in China. Relevant domestic and international evidence on imaging examination techniques, key reporting elements, and diagnostic criteria was systematically reviewed and synthesized. This guideline was developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel through systematic evidence retrieval and appraisal, GRADE-based recommendation grading, modified Delphi consensus, and external review. A total of 20 evidence-based recommendations, 13 strong and 7 weak, were formulated, in aspects of imaging examination and diagnostic reporting standards, including the measurement of the tumor size of pancreatic solid tumors, assessment of the obstruction of the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct, definition, assessment, and clinical significance of pancreatic parenchymal atrophy, the assessment of obstructive acute pancreatitis, pseudocysts/retention cysts, and peripancreatic vessels, criteria for resectability, regional lymph node assessment, criteria for suspicious lymph nodes and descriptions of their specific location, and detection of hepatic and peritoneal metastases. Implementation of this guideline in clinical practice will help standardize the accuracy and consistency of diagnostic imaging reports for pancreatic solid tumors in China, thereby advancing standardized imaging diagnosis and informing clinical treatment decisions.

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limits immunotherapy efficacy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Understanding the molecular drivers of this TME is essential for developing new therapies. This study aimed to identify novel oncogenes that modulate the immune landscape of ICC using a multi-omics approach.

We integrated transcriptomic and proteomic data from our ICC cohorts with public datasets (TCGA-CHOL, GSE107943, OEP002768) to identify genes co-upregulated with PD-L1 (CD274). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to analyze cell-type-specific expression and intercellular communication. Clinical significance was validated through tissue microarrays and multiplex immunofluorescence in an independent ICC cohort.

Multi-omics screening identified TACC3 as a key candidate in ICC. Elevated TACC3 expression in ICC tissues correlated with poor prognosis and promoted tumor cell proliferation and migration. TACC3 activated the STAT3 pathway, increasing PD-L1 transcription. scRNA-seq showed TACC3/PD-L1 interaction in malignant epithelial cells, with PD-L1 co-expressed with FOXP3 in regulatory T cells (Tregs). Cell–cell communication analysis predicted strong interactions between malignant cells and Tregs. TACC3 knockdown reduced PD-L1 expression and inhibited STAT3 and AKT phosphorylation. Clinical validation confirmed co-expression of TACC3, PD-L1, and FOXP3, with high TACC3 levels linked to worse clinicopathological features and shorter progression-free survival.

Our study defines a TACC3-STAT3-PD-L1 axis driving immunosuppression in ICC. TACC3 fosters an immunosuppressive TME by upregulating PD-L1 and is associated with a Treg-rich contexture, suggesting that TACC3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to overcome ICC immunosuppression.