Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is now the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world, driven by obesity, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), can culminate in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While lifestyle modification remains central to MASLD management, there is growing interest in pharmacological interventions, particularly nutrient-stimulated hormone-based therapies (NuSHs), such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. NuSHs exert metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects primarily via weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. Emerging clinical data support their efficacy in resolving MASH without worsening fibrosis. However, benefits in cirrhotic patients are less evident, suggesting greater utility in early intervention. Observational studies and clinical trials suggest a reduction in liver-related morbidity with GLP-1 receptor agonist use, though fibrosis regression remains inconsistent. Preclinical models indicate that NuSHs may also reduce MASH-related HCC incidence and tumor burden, likely through systemic metabolic improvements rather than direct antineoplastic action. Observational human data following bariatric surgery reinforce this link, suggesting that weight loss itself plays a key preventive role. Herein, we propose that NuSHs are promising candidates for MASH-related HCC prevention. We provide mechanistic suggestions for how this may occur. Furthermore, incorporating NuSHs into the post-locoregional treatment pathway for HCC may delay the need for systemic anti-cancer therapies, improve immunotherapy synergy and transplant eligibility, and even slow disease progression through reversal of carcinogenic drivers. Future studies are needed to target oncological endpoints and clarify immunometabolic mechanisms to guide the integration of NuSHs into MASLD treatment algorithms.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy faces significant challenges in treating solid tumors, including immune evasion, suppressive tumor microenvironments, and on-target/off-tumor toxicity, which limit its clinical efficacy. Although it has revolutionized treatment for hematological malignancies, these obstacles hinder its broader application in solid tumors. Nanotechnology offers innovative strategies to address these limitations through enhanced delivery, localization, and control. This review summarizes recent advances in nanotechnology-assisted CAR-T cell therapies for gynecologic cancers, with a particular focus on messenger RNA (mRNA)-based delivery systems, lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, and external activation techniques such as photothermal and acoustogenetic modulation. The integration of nanotechnology, especially mRNA-based delivery systems, holds transformative potential for overcoming these barriers. mRNA enables transient, non-integrating expression of CARs, meaning the genetic modifications are temporary. This improves safety and allows flexible control over treatment intensity, while rational sequence optimization (e.g., codon usage, guanine-cytosine content, secondary structure) enhances mRNA stability and protein translation efficiency. Lipid nanoparticles, the leading delivery platform, can be engineered for cell-type specificity and tissue targeting through modulation of their components and surface functionalization. Recent innovations, including siloxane-modified lipid nanoparticles, injectable hydrogels, and photothermal or acoustogenetic activation strategies, enable precise spatiotemporal control of CAR-T cell function in vivo. In ovarian cancer, preclinical studies targeting nfP2X7 and employing multifunctional nanoparticles have demonstrated synergistic efficacy and tumor-specific delivery. This review highlights how nanotechnology platforms can be integrated with CAR-T cell therapies to enhance safety, precision, and therapeutic outcomes in ovarian cancer.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant neoplasm that is relatively common in children but rare in young adults, accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial tumors. This study reports a rare case of MB metastasis to the right temporoparietal region in a 42-year-old woman, presenting with focal neurological symptoms such as weakness in the left arm and leg, speech disturbances, and impaired coordination. The patient had a history of cerebellar MB and underwent surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Despite treatment, metastasis occurred, highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in adult MB cases. The article also reviews the literature on MB in young adults, emphasizing the importance of dynamic neuroclinical monitoring and timely instrumental diagnosis for early detection and management of MB metastases.

Bacterial infections (BIs) are common and severe complications in patients with liver cirrhosis, but global data are limited. Here, we aimed to evaluate the global prevalence, temporal changes, and associated mortality risk of BIs in liver cirrhosis.

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies published without language restrictions until 11 August 2025. A random-effects model was used for meta-analyses, meta-regression by study year, and pooling adjusted hazard ratios.

Fifty-nine studies, including 1,191,421 patients with cirrhosis, were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of BIs (33 studies) was 35.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 29.2–41.4). The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus spp. was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.5–5.2) and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8–2.6), respectively. The pooled prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria was 6.8% (95% CI: 4.0–11.3). The most common BI sites were the gastrointestinal tract, ascites fluid, and urinary tract. The highest prevalence of BIs was reported in Europe (38.2%; 95% CI: 24.8–53.6), followed by South America (37.5%; 95% CI: 29.7–46.1) and Asia (22.8%; 95% CI: 16.3–30.9). Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure showed the highest prevalence of BIs (44.2%; 95% CI: 29.7–59.8). A modest increasing trend in BIs prevalence was observed over time. BIs were associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with cirrhosis (adjusted hazard ratios 2.22, 95% CI 1.33–3.71).

BIs are prevalent in cirrhosis, especially in acute-on-chronic liver failure, with a modest upward trend and increased mortality risk.