The proto-oncogene c-Fos is known as a reliable marker of cell activation, which is immediately induced after a new stimulus in specific brain regions, depending on the nature of the stimulus applied. However, the expression of c-Fos is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to amyloid β-peptide-induced neurotoxicity. This review attempted to focus on the role of c-Fos in learning and memory in both healthy brain and AD, emphasizing on possible mechanisms. Comparing the available findings, regarding learning and memory, c-Fos expression leads to memory formation through ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)/CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and long-term potentiation, while it is down regulated after the repetition and habituation of stimuli. However, its overexpression in neurons and glia of AD, contributes to cognitive deficits and neuronal loss, which represents a defect in its ability to habituate to repeated stimuli. Also, expression pattern in glial is associated with constitutive CREB activation following increasing amyloid beta (Aβ), activation transcription factor (ATF3), and cytochrome c in apoptosis pathways. Thus, two contradictory roles of c-Fos in the healthy brain and AD, reveal more complexity in c-Fos up and down stream signaling pathways, bioavailability, and sensitivity. Future studies focusing on c-Fos modulation, might offer promising strategies to mitigate cognitive decline in AD.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher prevalence and mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases, posing a significant burden on both individuals and society. Although the precise pathophysiological relationship between OSA and MetS remains unclear, their bidirectional interaction may create a harmful cycle of mutual reinforcement. This review explored the current treatment progress for OSA and MetS, including continuous positive airway pressure therapy, weight management, and metabolic surgeries. Studies indicate that while continuous positive airway pressure therapy effectively alleviates OSA symptoms, its impact on metabolic markers is limited, emphasizing the importance of long-term weight control. Metabolic surgeries, such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, significantly reduce weight and directly improve metabolic abnormalities associated with MetS, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, mandibular advancement devices primarily improve symptoms of OSA and indirectly enhance metabolic function by improving sleep quality and reducing intermittent hypoxemia. Although mandibular advancement devices have a limited direct impact on metabolic parameters, they may offer potential benefits in lowering blood pressure and managing MetS. Understanding and breaking the cycle between OSA and MetS can significantly reduce the associated cardiovascular risks.

Large granular lymphocytic leukemias (LGLLs), including T-cell LGLL and natural kill (NK)-cell LGLL variants, are rare lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by the chronic proliferation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Despite recent advancements, challenges remain in distinguishing these entities from one another and from related disorders, such as T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, Sézary syndrome, and aggressive NK-cell leukemia, owing to overlapping clinical and morphologic features. This article aims to review the role of molecular and immunophenotypic markers in guiding diagnosis and prognosis of LGLLs, with brief review of their clinical and morphologic features by synthesizing current advances in molecular pathogenesis, immunophenotypic profiling, and updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria in order to enhance diagnostic precision, improve prognostic assessment, and inform personalized treatment strategies for these challenging disorders.

Literature was searched through Pubmed and the recently published 5th WHO classification criteria. Articles were reviewed and analyzed with emphasis on recent molecular and cytogenetic insights.

A total of 106 publications were reviewed, and the recent molecular insights—focusing on those concerning STAT3 mutations in T-cell LGLL and TET2 mutations in NK-cell LGLL which have refined diagnostic frameworks, though gaps persist in understanding their clinical relevance and variability.

By providing a comparative analysis of large granular lymphocytic leukemias and their differential diagnoses in cooperation of the current advances in molecular pathogenesis, immunophenotypic profiling, and updated WHO classification criteria, this work aimed to enhance diagnostic precision, improve prognostic assessment, and inform personalized treatment strategies for these challenging LGLLs.

Cancer continues to pose a substantial public health problem in Nigeria, characterized by rising rates of occurrence and mortality. While there is increasing interest in using natural products for cancer treatment, comprehensive data on the specific bioactive compounds in these plants and how they modulate different types of cancer are still lacking. Additionally, although traditional knowledge about these food plants is rich and valuable, it has not been fully integrated with modern scientific research to create standardized treatment protocols. Scientific databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were explored to retrieve empirical data. The key plants discussed are Spondias mombin, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Elaeis guineensis, Irvingia gabonensis, Allium cepa, Blighia sapida, Dioscorea dumetorum, Psidium guajava, and Talinum triangulare. These plants demonstrate a wide range of anticancer properties, including the ability to induce apoptosis (cell death), halt the cell cycle, inhibit angiogenesis, and regulate inflammatory responses. They contain a variety of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds, which contribute to their anticancer effects. For example, Spondias mombin contains flavonoids that inhibit the formation of tumors, whereas Xanthosoma sagittifolium exhibits cytotoxic effects against leukemia cells. Additionally, Elaeis guineensis exhibits antioxidant properties that counteract oxidative stress, a crucial factor in cancer progression. This review highlights the significance of these plants in developing complementary cancer therapies that can be used alongside conventional treatments. By combining traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific methods, these medicinal plants have the potential to provide innovative approaches to cancer prevention and treatment, addressing the pressing demand for safer and more efficient therapeutic alternatives.

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer significantly improves outcomes and survival rates, minimizing treatments. Imaging techniques are critical in identifying abnormalities and diagnosing breast cancer at its earliest stages, often before clinical symptoms emerge. Mammography remains standard for screening in average-risk women, while supplementary methods like ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and tomosynthesis enhance detection rates, particularly in women with dense breasts or those at high risk. Given that certain factors, such as family history, age, genetic mutations, and breast density, affect the risk of developing breast cancer, some women may benefit from earlier or more frequent screenings. Personalized screening protocols are becoming more common, tailoring the type and frequency of imaging to the individual’s risk profile. Newer technologies, such as molecular breast imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography show promise but require further validation for widespread use. In conclusion, imaging techniques including mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and newer technologies like three-dimensional mammography and molecular breast imaging are essential tools in the early detection of breast cancer, leading to better outcomes for patients. This literature review provides an overview of current breast cancer imaging methods, their role in early diagnosis, and their effectiveness and limitations.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and primarily includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. As the number of patients suffering from IBD increases, diagnosis and treatment have become pressing yet challenging tasks. A major challenge is that patients with IBD often do not exhibit characteristic symptoms, making it difficult to distinguish IBD from other intestinal abnormalities. Endoscopy is the most conventional method used to diagnose IBD; however, this technique is invasive and costly. Therefore, there is a need to develop affordable, non-invasive diagnostic methods, which underscores the importance of identifying biomarkers specific to IBD. It is now well established that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in the development of IBD, and changes in the abundance of various gut organisms have been widely studied to identify microbial signatures associated with the disease. This review discusses the current state of knowledge regarding biomarkers in IBD, with a primary focus on the gut microbiome, associated metabolic signatures, and their links with immunological biomarkers. These biomarkers will help propose an integrative model to better understand the pathophysiology of this complex disease. Such an integrated approach also offers insights into potential therapeutic targets for designing more effective treatment strategies for patients.

The diagnostic value of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)-specific antibodies in patients with elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, and other identifiable causes, was unclear. Our study aimed to determine whether etiological treatments in PBC-specific antibody-positive patients could improve liver biochemical tests, thereby distinguishing them from individuals with PBC.

We enrolled patients who were positive for PBC-specific antibodies and elevated ALP and/or GGT levels but with other identifiable etiologies. Changes in liver biochemistry following non-ursodeoxycholic acid etiological treatments were monitored.

A total of 155 patients with positive PBC-specific antibodies and elevated ALP and/or GGT levels due to non-PBC diseases were enrolled. Among them, 100 patients were diagnosed with non-PBC liver diseases, mainly metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and autoimmune hepatitis. Additionally, 55 patients had non-liver diseases, predominantly connective tissue diseases. The median follow-up duration was 15.9 (4.7–25.6) months. Among 141 patients who completed follow-up after receiving etiological treatments, 85.1% (120/141) showed improvement in ALP and/or GGT levels, with 51.8% (73/141) achieving normalization of both ALP and GGT. However, 68 patients continued to exhibit elevated ALP and/or GGT, with 55 patients displaying isolated GGT elevation and 11 patients showing liver histological changes not consistent with PBC.

PBC-specific antibodies, along with elevated ALP and GGT levels, may occur in various non-PBC diseases. Etiological treatments may improve or even resolve cholestatic biochemistry. For these patients, initiating etiological treatment rather than immediately starting ursodeoxycholic acid therapy would be justified.

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are commonly used for contraception, but their long-term effects on oxidative stress, lipid profiles, and liver function remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intermediate-term OCP use (Yasmin) on oxidative stress, lipid profile, and liver function, with particular emphasis on antioxidant markers, lipid metabolism, and hepatic enzyme activity, to better understand the potential metabolic and hepatic effects.

A case-control study was conducted in Maysan Governorate, Iraq, involving 150 women (100 OCP users and 50 non-users). Blood samples were collected from Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital and a specialized clinic between February and April 2023. Serum levels of antioxidants, lipids, and liver enzymes were measured using biochemical assays.

OCP users had significantly lower levels of glutathione peroxidase vitamin E and uric acid (p < 0.001) compared to non-users. Lipid profiles showed that OCP users had higher levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05), whereas total cholesterol was significantly higher in non-users (p < 0.05). Liver enzyme activity, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total serum bilirubin, did not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Longer duration of OCP use was significantly negatively correlated with vitamin E levels (r = −0.67), glutathione peroxidase activity (r = −0.56), uric acid levels (r = −0.45) and high-density lipoprotein (r = −0.54). Positive correlations were found between the duration of OCP use and total cholesterol (r = 0.62), triglyceride (r = 0.58), low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.60), and liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (r = 0.66) and aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.64).

Intermediate-term OCP use was associated with changes in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, potentially increasing cardiovascular and metabolic risks. Regular monitoring of these parameters is recommended for OCP users.

Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been used for centuries to enhance vitality and overall well-being. This review synthesizes multiple studies to summarize the latest discoveries on the immunoregulatory effects of ginseng, its role in improving patients’ quality of life, and new evidence of its antitumor properties. It concludes that ginseng and its extracts can improve patients’ quality of life and may have the potential to target tumor cells. Meanwhile, ginseng extracts significantly improve sub-health status, with an 85% improvement rate observed in young adults after 30 days of intervention. This review provides valuable new evidence for ongoing research on ginseng and its extracts.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. Various vaccines have been reported as triggers of AIH. Recently, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and widespread vaccination worldwide, several cases of COVID-19 vaccination-associated (CA) AIH, occurring with or without COVID-19 infection, have been reported.

In this report, we describe a 66-year-old female who developed biopsy-proven acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis after receiving four doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and experiencing one COVID-19 infection in 2022. The patient was immediately treated with prednisone. Her liver enzymes gradually decreased to the normal range after treatment. In addition, we reviewed 20 cases of CA-AIH reported from multiple countries. The summarized data showed that CA-AIH and classical AIH share some clinical, serological, and histopathological features, such as female predominance and a middle-aged distribution. All patients had some positive circulating autoantibodies, including anti-nuclear antibody and/or positive anti-smooth muscle antibody. Histologically, CA-AIH showed a more acute onset compared to classical AIH, which typically presents with more chronic hepatitis.

This case report provides additional evidence supporting an association between COVID-19 vaccination and/or infection and AIH, suggesting more causality than coincidence.