It is established that administration of the COVID-19 vaccine may be associated with an exaggerated immune response leading to enlargement of several lymph nodes. Although most cases are benign and self-limiting, some have been reported in the literature as B-cell or T-cell lymphomas, with no reported cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We report two cases of follicular lymphoma and CLL that occurred a few weeks after COVID-19 vaccination. Case 1 is a 48-year-old woman who noticed two significantly palpable masses, one in each axilla, 48 h after receiving the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19. Seven days later, she noticed another mass on the right side of her neck, which was biopsied within 48 hours. Case 2 is a 75-year-old man who presented with localized swellings in the axilla and on the neck, noted 24 h after the first dose of the Moderna messenger RNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Neither patient reported any constitutional or associated symptoms. Surgical biopsy of the axillary lymph node in case 1 revealed a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, confirmed via immunohistochemistry as CD20-positive B-cell follicular lymphoma. The patient also had multiple pre- and para-aortic lymph nodes. In case 2, complete blood count showed lymphocytosis (total white blood cell – 148 × 109/L; lymphocyte differential – 92%), while peripheral blood film showed lymphocytosis with a predominance of small, mature-looking lymphocytes, both suggesting CLL. Although requested, immunophenotyping and molecular testing were not performed due to patient-related challenges. Although a chance occurrence is possible, lymphoid malignancies should be considered a strong differential. The vaccination history of patients presenting with clinical manifestations suggestive of a lymphoid malignancy should be thoroughly investigated, while ruling out other possible differentials such as a benign, self-limiting inflammatory process.

Immunization against human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly with a single-dose vaccine, offers a cost-effective strategy for cervical cancer prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence following a single-dose bivalent HPV vaccine among adolescent girls in Bangladesh and to examine its association with sociodemographic characteristics.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 648 adolescent girls (aged nine to fifteen years) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, who received a single dose of the bivalent HPV vaccine in November 2019. Participants were recruited from ten local schools. At 36 months post-vaccination, blood samples were analyzed for HPV16/18 L1-specific immunoglobulin G using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sociodemographic data were collected and analyzed using logistic regression.

Most participants were aged nine to thirteen years (82.4%), with a mean age of 11.89 ± 1.59 years. The overall seroprevalence was 72.8% for HPV16 and 82.4% for HPV18. Seropositivity for HPV16 was significantly lower among participants aged 14–15 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39–0.95; p = 0.020] and those in grades nine to ten (aOR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28–0.89; p = 0.004). For HPV18, significantly reduced odds of seropositivity were observed among participants from households with monthly incomes up to Taka 10,000 (aOR for Taka 10,001–20,000 = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26–0.67; p < 0.001; aOR for Taka 20,001–50,000 = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.11–0.40; p < 0.001).

A single-dose bivalent HPV vaccine induces sustained immunity in Bangladeshi adolescent girls, with lower HPV16 seropositivity among older girls and those in higher grades, and higher HPV18 seropositivity is linked to lower household income.

Nanobiotechnology has driven transformative advancements in healthcare, particularly in the development of innovative solutions for wound treatment, a persistent and costly global health concern. Among these advancements, the combination of biopolymers and metallic nanoparticles has attracted considerable interest due to their excellent biocompatibility and potent antimicrobial activity. This scoping review explores recent technological progress in wound care, with a focus on alginate-based dressings functionalized with metallic nanoparticles. Alginate, a highly versatile biopolymer, was frequently employed in diverse formats, including hydrogels, sponges, beads, films/membranes, and fibers, across the analyzed studies. Silver nanoparticles were the most extensively investigated agents, owing to their well-established efficacy and the development of strategies to mitigate associated risks. Other metallic nanoparticles were also reported, contributing to a growing body of evidence supporting their therapeutic relevance. The synergistic integration of alginate and metallic nanoparticles has shown promising potential to enhance the performance of wound dressings, representing a significant step forward in the design of next-generation materials for effective and targeted wound management.

Lactate exerts regulatory effects on both cellular homeostasis and disease progression, far beyond being a mere metabolic waste product. As lactate accumulates, the level of lactylation increases significantly. Lactylation, a novel type of post-translational modification, bridges metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation in malignant tumors, including gynecological malignancies. Both lactate and lactylation play critical roles in the tumor microenvironment, ultimately promoting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therapies targeting lactate production and transport show considerable anticancer potential, particularly through the inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase and monocarboxylate transporters. These inhibitors can also act as immunotherapy potentiators, producing a synergistic therapeutic effect when combined with immunotherapy. This review emphasizes how lactate and lactylation drive the malignant progression of gynecological cancers and explores promising perspectives on potential therapeutic targets.

Mitochondrial respiratory complexes (Complexes I–V) and their assembly into respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) are fundamental to liver bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, and metabolic adaptability. Disruption of these systems contributes to major liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, by impairing adenosine triphosphate synthesis, increasing oxidative stress, and altering metabolic pathways. Recent advances have clarified the structural-functional interdependence of individual complexes within SCs, revealing their dynamic remodeling in response to physiological stress and pathological injury. These insights open opportunities for clinical translation, such as targeting SC stability with pharmacological agents, nutritional strategies, or gene therapy, and employing mitochondrial transplantation in cases of severe mitochondrial failure. Precision medicine approaches, incorporating multi-omics profiling and patient-derived models, may enable individualized interventions and early detection using SC integrity as a biomarker. By linking molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies, this review underscores the potential of mitochondrial-targeted interventions to improve outcomes in patients with liver disease.

Despite rapid advances in computational biology and regulatory reforms encouraging the reduction of animal use, a clear synthesis of how artificial intelligence (AI)-driven polypharmacology can function as a scientific and ethical bridge between traditional in vivo pharmacology and human-relevant drug development remains lacking. The shift from cage-based experimentation to code-based predictive modeling presents both opportunities and unresolved challenges in biological interpretation, regulatory acceptance, and pharmacology education. Therefore, this review aims to critically examine the transition toward AI-enabled, human-centric drug discovery within the framework of the 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). Specifically, it explores (i) the global regulatory and ethical drivers accelerating non-animal methodologies, (ii) the scientific and educational gaps emerging from reduced dependence on animal models, and (iii) the role of AI and deep learning in reconstructing biological complexity through multi-omics integration and predictive toxicity modeling. By analyzing emerging AI platforms and computational strategies, this review highlights how AI-driven polypharmacology may offer a scalable, ethical, and precision-oriented framework for future pharmacological research.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-associated cognitive impairment is highly prevalent, severely impacting patients’ daily life and social functioning, with its mechanisms incompletely understood. Globally, TBI affects over 69 million people annually, and post-TBI cognitive impairment may last for years, or even a lifetime, imposing heavy burdens on patients’ families. The brain-lymphatic axis (glymphatic + peripheral lymphatic systems, especially meningeal vessels) has gained attention: glymphatic dysfunction (dependent on astrocyte endfeet Aquaporin-4 polarization, key for clearing β-amyloid and other wastes) causes metabolic waste accumulation and neuroinflammation, while peripheral lymphatic stasis worsens cognitive decline. This review aims to summarize their roles, dissect mechanisms, and outline therapies. The review found that most current studies explore the glymphatic system and the peripheral lymphatic system in isolation, lacking understanding of their dynamic interplay (e.g., bidirectional inflammatory factor transmission, immune cell migration, synergistic dysfunction); longitudinal studies that track axis changes across TBI stages (acute, subacute, chronic) are scarce; diagnostic tools are insufficient (non-invasive biomarkers lack large-scale clinical validation, and imaging has limited clinical use); and existing therapeutic strategies mostly target single subsystems, with few combined interventions for the whole axis. In conclusion, this review highlights critical gaps in current knowledge and proposes integrated, axis-targeted approaches as a promising direction for future research and therapeutic development.

Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. The disease is endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, North and South America, leading to several deaths annually. Reported adverse effects associated with the current first-line treatment for amoebiasis, coupled with the evolution of resistance to it, call for the need to search for plant-based alternatives. This study systematically reviews medicinal plants with activity against Entamoeba histolytica.

The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to retrieve scholarly literature. The study reviewed 70 articles from 7 popular databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Booksc.org, Emerald, Scopus, and MEDLINE, highlighting several plants with anti-amoebic properties.

The primary parts of the plant used in the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica were the leaves (61%), followed by rhizomes (13%), roots (8%), seeds (8%), stems (4%), and fruits (4%). The families Asteraceae (18%) and Zingiberaceae (18%) contain most plants that are effective against Entamoeba histolytica. These medicinal plants families are rich in phytochemicals such as terpenoids and flavonoids that have anti-entamoeba histolytica activity. Maceration is the most commonly used extraction method.

The results suggest that plants are a promising source of new agents to combat amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves (61%), and the maceration method was the most common extraction technique due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The majority of studies were limited to in vitro models, with only one plant (Adenophyllum aurantium) tested in vivo. Further research is needed to establish their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and clinical potential.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents an escalating healthcare burden across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region; however, system-level preparedness remains largely undefined. This study aimed to assess existing models of care, clinical infrastructure, policy frameworks, and provider perspectives across 17 MENA countries.

A cross-sectional, mixed-methods survey was distributed to clinicians from MASLD-related specialties across the region. A total of 130 experts (87.2% response rate) from academic, public, and private sectors in 17 countries participated. The questionnaire addressed national policies, diagnostic and therapeutic practices, referral pathways, multidisciplinary team (MDT) integration, and patient/public engagement. Quantitative responses were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative inputs underwent thematic analysis.

Only 35.4% of respondents confirmed the presence of national clinical guidelines for MASLD, and 73.1% reported the absence of a national strategy. Structured referral pathways were reported by 39.2% of participants, and only 31.5% believed the current model adequately addresses MASLD. While 60% supported MDT approaches, implementation remained inconsistent. Limited access to transient elastography was reported by 26.2% of providers. Public education efforts were minimal: 22.3% reported no available tools, and 87.7% indicated the absence of patient-reported outcomes data. Nearly half (47.7%) cited poor patient adherence, attributed to low awareness, financial barriers, and lack of follow-up.

Significant policy, structural, and educational gaps persist in MASLD care across the MENA region. To address this rising burden, countries must adopt integrated national strategies, expand access to non-invasive diagnostic tests, institutionalize MDT care, and invest in both public and provider education as essential pillars of system-wide preparedness.