The leading cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which affects millions worldwide. Aging populations can foretell the worsening burden of the disease in the future. AD is characterised by the following hallmark pathologies: amyloid-β over-production and deposition, abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Many potential treatments fail in clinical trials, suggesting that present theories are outdated or lead to therapeutic dead-ends. A gum disease-causing species of bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is being increasingly linked with AD, given the ubiquity of gum disease amongst older populations, and studies have revealed that the bacteria causes and exacerbates AD pathology both in vitro and in vivo. P. gingivalis produce many neurotoxic molecules, including gingipain enzymes, lipopolysaccharide and phosphoglycerol dihydroceramides, and all of these have been shown to affect AD pathologies. Numerous mechanisms by which these neurotoxic species reach the brain have been proposed, and one of these is the bacteria’s use of outer membrane vesicles. This review presents the present evidence of the effects of P. gingivalis and its outer membrane vesicles, gingipains, lipopolysaccharide and phosphoglycerol dihydroceramides, on neurodegeneration in neuronal cultures, mice models and post-mortem studies, and determines how this evidence can be used to develop new treatments for AD.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is listed as one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. Oncolytic therapy has become a promising treatment because of novel immunotherapies and gene editing technology, but biosafety concerns remain the biggest limitation for clinical application. We studied the the antitumor activity and biosafety of the wild-type Newcastle disease virus HK84 strain (NDV/HK84) and 10 other NDV strains.

Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by cell counting Kit-8 and fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V apoptosis assays. Colony formation, wound healing, and a xenograft mouse model were used to evaluate in vivo and in vitro oncolytic effectiveness. The safety of NDV/HK84 was tested in nude mice by an in vivo luciferase imaging system. The replication kinetics of NDV/HK84 in normal tissues and tumors were evaluated by infectious-dose assays in eggs. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to explore NDV/HK84 activity and was validated by quantitative real-time PCR.

The cell counting Kit-8 assays of viability found that the oncolytic activity of the NDV strains differed with the multiplicity of infection (MOI). At an MOI of 20, the oncolytic activity of all NDV strains except the DK/JX/21358/08 strain was >80%. The oncolytic activities of the NDV/HK84 and DK/JX/8224/04 strains were >80% at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. Only NDV/HK84 had >80% oncolytic activities at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. We chose NDV/HK84 as the candidate virus to test the oncolytic effect of NDV in HCC in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. NDV/HK84 killed human SK-HEP-1 HCC cells without affecting healthy cells.

Intratumor infection with NDV/HK84 strains compared with vehicle controls or positive controls indicated that NDV/HK84 strain specifically inhibited HCC without affecting healthy mice. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that the oncolytic activity of NDV/HK84 was dependent on the activation of type I interferon signaling.

The percentage of vaccinated people in Ukraine and Israel extensively varies. Based on this large difference, the influence of possible collective immunity on the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in summer 2021 was evaluated.

To clarify the presence of a natural collective immunity, the visible and actual characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ukraine were estimated based on the number of laboratory-confirmed cases (accumulated in May and June 2021), using a generalized SIR-model and parameter identification procedure, and considering the difference between registered and real number of cases.

The calculated optimal value of the visibility coefficient shows that most Ukrainians have already been infected with coronavirus, some of whom have been infected more than once. This suggests that Ukrainians have probably achieved a natural collective immunity. Despite the large percentage of fully vaccinated people in Israel (approximately 60%), the emergence of a new epidemic wave after June 15, 2021 was not prevented, and the number of deaths increased after July 5, 2021. A new wave of the pandemic in Ukraine after July 10, 2021 is characterized by a smaller daily number of new COVID-19 cases per capita and new deaths per capita, despite having a much lower number of vaccinated people than in Israel. This can be explained by a much lower level of testing (many cases in Ukraine remain undetected) and possibly by the probable natural immunity of Ukrainians.

High levels of vaccination and natural collective immunity are unlikely to prevent new waves of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by mutated coronavirus strains.

The dietary consumption of fructose has increased in the last five decades, paralleled by an increase in obesity. Excess fructose intake is linked to obesity, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, and several aggressive types of cancer. The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a lethal hematologic malignancy, has also increased in parallel. Despite significant advances in our understanding of AML, including molecular genetics and more effective targeted therapies, relapse is frequent and outcomes remain poor. Moreover, except for several known causes for a small proportion of AML cases, virtually nothing is known about the initial causative leukemogenic event. In this study, the author asked and intended to answer the question, “can excess fructose intake lead to the initial cellular event that causes AML?” The author reviewed published literature to answer the above question and, subsequently, to identify novel AML therapies based on fructose metabolism. In this article, fructose metabolism and its relationship with metabolic pathways essential for AML, including regulation by hypoxia inducible factor, are described. Evidence for the potential etiologic role of fructose in AML is summarized for the first time. To conclude, excess fructose can lead to the initial AML-causative cellular event. Based on this study, future studies are warranted to determine if restricting fructose intake can prevent AML. Therapeutically, the development of hypoxia inducible factor and glucose transporter 5 inhibitors should be pursued for the treatment of AML.

Intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 G/C gene polymorphism confer a greater susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We examined whether the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and liver disease severity may be influenced by PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism.

The variant of PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped within 523 Han individuals with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD. Visceral fat area (VFA) was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Significant liver fibrosis (SF), defined as stage F ≥2 on histology, was the outcome measure of interest.

The distribution of PNPLA3 genotypes was CC: 27.5%, CG: 48.2%, and GG: 24.3%. Higher VFA was associated with greater risk of having SF (adjusted-odds ratio [OR]: 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.04, p<0.05), independent of potential confounders. Among subjects with the same VFA level, the risk of SF was greater among carriers of the rs738409 G genotype than among those who did not. Stratified analysis showed that PNPLA3 rs738409 significantly influenced the association between VFA and SF. VFA remained significantly associated with SF only among the rs738409 G-allele carriers (adjusted-OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.08 for the GG group; and adjusted-OR:1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.04 for the GC group). There was a significant interaction between VFA and PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype (Pinteraction=0.004).

PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele has a moderate effect on the association between VFA and risk of SF in adult individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Existence of the PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele and VFA interact to increase risk of SF.

Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects a third of the population and is a leading cause of liver-related death. Since no effective treatments exist, novel approaches to drug development are required. Unfortunately, outdated terminology and definitions of the disease are hampering efforts to develop new drugs and treatments. An international consensus panel has put forth an influential proposal for the disease to be renamed from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to MAFLD, including a proposal for how the disease should be diagnosed. As allies with the many stakeholders in MAFLD care―including patients, patients’ advocates, clinicians, researchers, nurse and allied health groups, regional societies, and others―we are aware of the negative consequences of the NAFLD term and definition. We share the sense of urgency for change and will act in new ways to achieve our goals. Although there is much work to be done to overcome clinical inertia and reverse worrisome recent trends, the MAFLD initiative provides a firm foundation to build on. It provides a roadmap for moving forward toward more efficient care and affordable, sustainable drug and device innovation in MAFLD care. We hope it will bring promising new opportunities for a brighter future for MAFLD care and improve care and outcomes for patients of one of the globe’s largest and costliest public health burdens. From this viewpoint, we have revisited this initiative through the perspectives of drug development and regulatory science.

Defects in mitochondria are responsible for various genetic and acquired diseases. Mitochondrial transplantation, a method that involves introduction of healthy donor mitochondria into cells with dysfunctional mitochondria, could offer a novel approach to treat such diseases. Some studies have demonstrated the therapeutic benefit of mitochondrial transplantation and targeted delivery in vivo and in vitro within hepatocytes and the liver. This review discusses the issues regarding isolation and delivery of mitochondria to hepatocytes and the liver, and examines the existing literature in order to elucidate the utility and practicality of mitochondrial transplantation in the treatment of liver disease. Studies reviewed demonstrate that mitochondrial uptake could specifically target hepatocytes, address the challenge of non-specific localization of donor mitochondria, and provide evidence of changes in liver function following injection of mitochondria into mouse and rat disease models. While potential benefits and advantages of mitochondrial transplantation are evident, more research is needed to determine the practicality of mitochondrial transplantation for the treatment of genetic and acquired liver diseases.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystemic clinical condition that presents with a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, extrahepatic malignancies, cognitive disorders, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Among NAFLD patients, the most common mortality etiology is cardiovascular disorders, followed by extrahepatic malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and liver-related complications. Furthermore, the severity of extrahepatic diseases is parallel to the severity of NAFLD. In clinical practice, awareness of the associations of concomitant diseases is of major importance for initiating prompt and timely screening and multidisciplinary management of the disease spectrum. In 2020, a consensus from 22 countries redefined the disease as metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which resulted in the redefinition of the corresponding population. Although the patients diagnosed with MAFLD and NAFLD mostly overlap, the MAFLD and NAFLD populations are not identical. In this review, we compared the associations of key extrahepatic diseases between NAFLD and MAFLD.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, is known for its grim prognosis, with untreated life expectancy being only a matter of months after the diagnosis. The difficulty in making a diagnosis early is one of the main contributing factors to the poor prognosis. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) had long been used as a surveillance tool, but suboptimal specificity and sensitivity has prompted liver societies to abandon the recommendation for its universal use, even in combination with ultrasonography. Most studies have shown no obvious correlation between serum AFP level and HCC tumor size, stage, or survival post-diagnosis. However, some studies concluded that a gradual rise or persistent elevation in AFP were positive predictors for tumor development. Other studies reported a fall in AFP followed by a rise in patients with HCC as well as persistently rising AFP levels without development of HCC on follow up. Our calculation of the sensitivity and specificity of persistently rising AFP for HCC were both low, at 60% and 35.8%, respectively, indicating that the presence of persistently rising AFP per se did not offer diagnostic benefit. In addition, our calculated mean slopes of persistently rising AFP levels in HCC and non-HCC patients were numerically very different, but the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the published data do not support a role for rising AFP levels per se in the diagnosis of HCC.

It is challenging to predict the 90-day outcomes of patients infected with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) via prevailing predictive models. This study aimed to develop an innovative model to enhance the analytical efficacy of 90-day mortality in HBV-ACLF.

In this study, 149 HBV-ACLF patients were evaluated by constructing a death risk prediction nomogram. Bootstrap resampling and an independent validation cohort comprising 31 patients from June 2019 to February 2020 were assessed for model confirmation.

The nomogram was constructed by entering and identifying five factors (age, total bilirubin, prothrombin activity (PTA), lymphocyte (L)%, and monocyte (M)%. Healthy refinement was achieved from the nomogram analysis, where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.864 for the training cohort and 0.874 was achieved for the validation cohort. There was admirable concordance between the predicted and true results in the equilibrium curve. The decision curve assessment revealed the useful clinical application of the nomogram.

We constructed an innovative nomogram and validated it for the prediction of 90-day HBV-ACLF patient outcomes. This model might help develop optimized treatment protocol recommendations for HBV-ACLF patients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 2 infection has caused millions of deaths worldwide, pushing the urgent need for an efficient treatment. Nonstructural protein 15 (NSP15) is a promising target due to its importance for SARS-CoV-2’s evasion of the host’s innate immune response.

Using the crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 NSP15 endoribonuclease, we developed a pharmacophore model of the functional centers in the NSP15 inhibitor’s binding pocket. With this model, we conducted data mining of the conformational database of FDA-approved drugs. The conformations of these compounds underwent three-dimensional fingerprint similarity clustering, and possible conformers were docked to the NSP15 binding pocket. We also simulated the docking of random compounds to the NSP15 binding pocket for comparison.

This search identified 170 compounds as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 NSP15. The mean free energy of docking for the group of potential inhibitors was significantly less than that for the group of random compounds. Twenty-one of the compounds identified as potential NSP15 inhibitors were antiviral compounds that inhibited a range of viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV, and even SARS-CoV-2. Eight of the selected antiviral compounds in cluster A are pyrimidine analogues, six of which are currently used in a clinical setting. Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors were identified with potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, which is consistent with previous studies showing some kinase inhibitors acting as antiviral drugs.

We recommend that the 21 selected antiviral compounds are tested as COVID-19 therapeutics.

The prevalence of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is rapidly increasing and affects up to two billion individuals globally, and this has also resulted in increased risks for cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplants. In addition, it has also been linked to extrahepatic consequences, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various types of cancers. However, only a small proportion of patients with MAFLD develop these complications. Therefore, the identification of high-risk patients is paramount. Liver fibrosis is the major determinant in developing these complications. Although, liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard for the assessment of patients with MAFLD. Because of its invasive nature, among many other limitations, the search for noninvasive biomarkers for MAFLD remains an area of intensive research. In this review, we provide an update on the current and future biomarkers of MAFLD, including a discussion of the associated genetics, epigenetics, microbiota, and metabolomics. We also touch on the next wave of multiomic-based biomarkers.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. Responsible for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is one of three structurally similar beta-coronaviruses that can cause a strong upregulation of cytokines referred to as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Unresolved CRS leads to respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia, and in more severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although COVID-19 is widely known for these hallmark respiratory symptoms, it also impacts the gut, causing gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammation and diarrhea. COVID-19’s GI symptoms may be due to the high intestinal expression of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptors, which are for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. Reports have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can be passed through fecal matter, with one study finding that 48.1% of COVID-19 patients expressed viral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in their stool. Given that the GI tract is a target tissue affected by COVID-19, this causes concern for those with underlying GI pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Regrettably, there have been only limited studies on the impact of COVID-19 on gut health, and the impact of COVID-19 on intestinal inflammation among IBD patients remains unclear. In particular, questions regarding susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, clinical impact of COVID-19 on IBD, and the potential influence of age, sex, and immunosuppressant medications are still poorly understood. An improved understanding of these issues is needed to address the unique risks of COVID-19 among IBD patients, as well as the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the host intestinal microbiota.